Resumen La producción y consumo de tilapias (Cichlidae) es muy popular en el mundo, por lo que debe asegurarse la inocuidad de la carne producida ante el riesgo potencial de la transmisión zoonótica de parásitos; por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevalencia, distribución y hospederos que intervienen en el ciclo de vida de los helmintos trematodos que pueden transmitirse de manera zoonótica en el consumo de la tilapia. La revisión bibliográfica se llevó a cabo con seis motores de búsqueda especializada. Se analizaron 1,044 artículos, de los cuales 113 incluían datos epidemiológicos. La tilapia fue reportada como el hospedero intermediario de 15 especies de trematodos que afectan al humano, 6 parásitos se reportaron a nivel de género y 2 parásitos a nivel de familia. Los trematodos descritos pertenecen a las familias Heterophyidae y Opisthorchiidae. Las prevalencias reportadas oscilan de 1% en infecciones por Haplorchis pumilio y Centrocestus formosanus hasta 93.64% en infecciones multiparasitarias de Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata y Phagicola ascolonga. Aunque la biodiversidad de helmintos documentados en la tilapia es abundante, aún es insuficiente la información disponible, situando a la tilapia como un transmisor potencial de estos helmintos en el humano.

Abstract The production and consumption of tilapia (Cichlidae) is very popular in the world, so the safety of the meat produced must be ensured given the potential risk of zoonotic transmission of parasites; For this reason, the objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographic review on the prevalence, distribution and hosts that intervene in the life cycle of trematode helminths that can be transmitted zoonotically in the consumption of tilapia. The bibliographic review was carried out with six specialized search engines. 1,044 articles were analyzed, of which 113 included epidemiological data. Tilapia was reported as the intermediate host of 15 species of trematodes that affect humans, 6 parasites were reported at the genus level and 2 parasites at the family level. The described flukes belong to the families Heterophyidae and Opisthorchiidae. Reported prevalences range from 1% in infections by Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus to 93.64% in multiparasitic infections by Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata and Phagicola ascolonga. Although the biodiversity of documented helminths in tilapia is abundant, the available information is still insufficient, situating tilapia as a potential transmitter of these helminths in humans.

Resumen Introducción. Cryptosporidium spp. es un parásito protozoario del grupo de los coccidios, causante de diarreas, trastornos gastroentéricos y respiratorios (baja frecuencia) en diferentes especies de vertebrados a nivel mundial, principalmente en individuos jóvenes. Objetivo. Documentar las características más importantes de virulencia y patogenia del Cryptosporidium spp. así como, la descripción de sus variantes genéticas y su potencial zoonótico. Desarrollo. Existen más de diecinueve especies de Criptosporidium spp., donde se destacan C. parvum (humanos), C. bovis (bovinos), C. suis (porcinos) y C. ubiquitum (aves), debido a su alta capacidad infectiva dada por la diversidad de sus factores de virulencia. El parásito posee afinidad por los enterocitos y genera anomalías en la absorción y funciones secretoras del intestino. La criptosporidiosis varía en función del estado del huésped (edad, nutrición e inmunología), la fuente de contaminación (agua o ingesta), transmisión e higiene. Existen técnicas de diagnóstico, desde pruebas coproscópicas convencionales hasta pruebas de biología molecular. Conclusión. Factores como la variabilidad y los factores de virulencia del Cryptosporidium spp, se consideran mecanismos que favorecen la infección y dispersión del parasito a nivel individual y grupal en humanos y animales domésticos, al igual que la complejidad del ciclo de vida, la resistencia a condiciones ambientales, la capacidad infectiva y la interacción con el huésped consolidan al Cryptosporidium spp. como un agente zoonótico con efectos económicos importantes.

Abstract Introduction. Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite belonging to the group of coccidia, causing diarrhea, gastroenteric, and respiratory disorders (less frequently) in different vertebrate species worldwide, primarily in young individuals. Objective. To document the most important virulence and pathogenic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., as well as the description of its genetic variants and its zoonotic potential. Development. There are more of 19 species of Cryptosporidium spp., with C. parvum (humans), C. bovis (cattle), C. suis (swine), and C. ubiquitum (birds) being noteworthy due to their high infectivity capacity, given by the diversity of their virulence factors. The parasite has an affinity for enterocytes and causes abnormalities in the intestinal absorption and secretory functions. Cryptosporidiosis varies depending on the host's status (age, nutrition, and immunity), the source of contamination (water or ingestion), transmission, and hygiene. Diagnostic techniques range from conventional coproscopic tests to molecular biology tests. Conclusion. Factors such as the variability and virulence factors of Cryptosporidium spp. are considered mechanisms that favor the infection and spread of the parasite at an individual and group level in humans and domestic animals, as well as the complexity of its life cycle, resistance to environmental conditions, the infective capacity, and host interaction consolidate Cryptosporidium spp. as a zoonotic agent with significant economic effects.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the helminth fauna present in continental commercial fish from the provinces of Guayas (Daule and Salitre) and Los Ríos (Vinces and Babahoyo). In total, 2317 individuals from 11 fish species were analysed. Fifteen species of parasitic helminths were identified, these being the digenean trematodes: Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum sp1, Clinostomum sp2, Clinostomum sp3, Cladorchiidae sp1, Cladorchiidae sp2, Cladorchiidae sp3, the cestodes: Nominoscolex sp y Proteocephalus sp, the nematodes: Contracaecum sp, Cucullanus sp, Procamallanus sp1, Procamallanus sp2, y Rhabdochona sp and acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus sp. The locality and the fish with the highest balance in terms of parasitic abundance was Vinces and Andinoacara rivulatus, respectively. The anisakid parasite Contracaecum sp presented the highest values of prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity in the four locations and in all the fish except for A. rivulatus, which registered Clinostomun sp1 as the helminth with the highest prevalence among the parasites reported for this fish.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la helmintofauna presente en peces comerciales continentales de las provincias del Guayas (Daule y Salitre) y Los Ríos (Vinces y Babahoyo). Se analizaron 2317 individuos a partir de 11 especies de peces. Se identificaron 15 especies de helmintos parásitos siendo estas los trematodos digeneos: Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum sp1, Clinostomum sp2, Clinostomum sp3, Cladorchiidae sp1, Cladorchiidae sp2, Cladorchiidae sp3, los cestodos: Nominoscolex sp y Proteocephalus sp, los nematodos: Contracaecum sp Cucullanus sp Procamallanus sp1, Procamallanus sp2, y Rhabdochona sp y el acantocéfalo Acanthocephalus sp. Se determinó que la localidad y el pez con mayor equilibrio en cuanto abundancia parasitaria fue en Vinces y Andinoacara rivulatus, respectivamente. El parasito anisákido Contracaecum sp presentó los valores más altos de prevalencia, abundancia media, e intensidad media en las cuatro localidades y en todos los peces a excepción de A. rivulatus que registró a Clinostomun sp1 como el helminto con mayor prevalencia entre los parásitos reportados para este pez.

Abstract 19. In the last decades, infections by several serovars of Salmonella have become relevant worldwide, not only due to their impact on veterinary health and animal production, but also because they may serve as a source of infection for the human population. Pigs can be infected by several Salmonella serovars, being S. Typhimurium one of the most frequently isolated worldwide. In this context, the evaluation of strategies to control Salmonella in farms demands the understanding of the pathogenesis of the microorganism. Thus, the objective of this work was to carry out an experimental infection in 50-day-old pigs using a field strain of S. Typhimurium to evaluate the excretion of the microorganism, organs colonization and the development of histological injuries over the 13-day trial period. Disease was successfully reproduced in eight animals, and two clinical patterns were identified. In four animals, a primarily enteric pattern was observed, where the infection was limited to the gastrointestinal tract, while in another four pigs, enteric and systemic infection with variable fecal excretion and invasion of internal organs was observed. These two infectious patterns were accompanied by changes in fecal consistency and reduced daily weight gain or weight loss in the animals. The observation of two different infectious patterns highlights the need to consider the complexity of the pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs.

Resumen. 23. En las últimas décadas las infecciones por diferentes serovariedades de Salmonella han adquirido importancia a nivel mundial, no solo por su impacto en la sanidad y en la producción de los animales, sino también porque estos constituyen una fuente de infección para los humanos. Los cerdos pueden estar infectados o ser portadores de distintas serovariedades con potencial zoonótico, siendo S. Typhimurium una de las más frecuentemente aisladas a nivel mundial. En este contexto, la evaluación de estrategias para el control de Salmonella en granjas exige el conocimiento de la patogenia del microorganismo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una infección experimental en cerdos de 50 días de edad utilizando una cepa de campo de S. Typhimurium para evaluar la excreción del microorganismo, la colonización de órganos y el desarrollo de lesiones histológicas durante los 13 días del ensayo. Se logró reproducir la enfermedad en ocho animales y se pudo identificar dos cuadros clínicos. En cuatro animales se observó un cuadro principalmente entérico, en el que la infección estuvo limitada al tracto gastrointestinal; mientras que en otros cuatro cerdos se observó infección entérica y sistémica con excreción fecal variable e invasión de órganos internos. Estos dos cuadros infecciosos estuvieron acompañados de cambios en la consistencia de la materia fecal y menor ganancia diaria de peso o adelgazamiento de los animales. La observación de dos cuadros infecciosos diferentes muestra la necesidad de considerar la complejidad de la patogenicidad de la infección por Salmonella Typhimurium en cerdos.

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite usually infects human and animal worldwide. This study aimed to analyze the sero-prevalence of T. gondii in blood of lactating animals and human living in close proximity and also to detect Toxoplasma DNA in unpasteurized milk of the studied animals. A total of 233 blood and milk samples were collected from lactating animals, and 735 blood samples were taken from humans in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The blood samples were analyzed through ELISA while the milk samples were analyzed by PCR for the presence of T. gondii DNA. A standard questionnaire was introduced to collect the data from the participants. In animals, the reported sero-prevalence was 32.18% for IgM, 17.16% for IgG, and 6.4% for both IgM and IgG. The reported positivity for T. gondii DNA in milk was 14.44%, 34.8%, 20%, and 26% in sheep, goats, cows, and buffaloes, respectively. In the human blood samples, 9.8% were found positive for IgM and 11.2% for IgG while none of the samples was found positive for both IgM and IgG. Overall sero-prevalence reported in females was significantly higher than the male (p<0.05) poor hygiene condition (p < 0.0001) were the significant risk factors associated with T. gondii infections in animals. In conclusion, T. gondii infection is prevalent in lactating animals and humans using their raw milk in the study area. It is suggested that raw milk should be considered as a vehicle for the transmission of T. gondii to humans. Proper pasteurization of milk is very useful in limiting the transmission of infection. Awareness and control programs should be implemented to prevent the infection.

Resumo Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário parasita intracelular zoonótico que geralmente infecta humanos e animais em todo o mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a soroprevalência de T. gondii no sangue de animais lactantes e humanos que vivem em proximidade, além de detectar o DNA de Toxoplasma no leite não pasteurizado dos indivíduos estudados. Um total de 233 amostras de sangue e leite foram coletadas de animais lactantes e 735 amostras de sangue foram coletadas de humanos no Distrito Upper Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. As amostras de sangue foram analisadas pelo método ELISA enquanto as amostras de leite foram analisadas por PCR para a presença de DNA de T. gondii. Um questionário padrão foi introduzido para coletar os dados dos participantes. Em animais, a soroprevalência relatada foi de 32,18% para IgM, 17,16% para IgG e 6,4% para IgM e IgG. A positividade relatada para DNA de T. gondii encontrada no leite foi de 14,44%, 34,8%, 20% e 26% em ovelhas, cabras, vacas e búfalas, respectivamente. Nas amostras de sangue humano, 9,8% foram consideradas positivas para IgM e 11,2% para IgG, enquanto nenhuma das amostras foi considerada positiva para IgM e IgG. A soroprevalência geral relatada em mulheres foi significativamente maior do que em homens (p < 0,05). Neste estudo, contato com gatos (p < 0,0001), hábitos alimentares (p < 0,0001), fonte de água para beber (p < 0,0001) e más condições de higiene (p < 0,0001) foram os fatores de risco significativos associados a infecções por T. gondii em animais. Em conclusão, a infecção por T. gondii é prevalecente em animais lactantes e humanos que utilizam leite cru, isto é, não-pasteurizado, na área de estudo. Sugere-se que o leite não-pasteurizado seja considerado um veículo de transmissão do T. gondii para humanos. A pasteurização adequada do leite é muito útil para limitar a transmissão de infecções. Programas de conscientização e controle devem ser implementados para prevenir a infecção.

Abstract The coproparasitological examination of dogs (n=278) from two Brazilian biomes (Amazon [AZ] and Atlantic Forest [AF]) by centrifugal flotation demonstrated positivity values of 54.2% (AF) and 48.5% (AZ). The most prevalent parasites in AF were hookworms (81.0% - 47/58), Toxocara sp. (17.3% - 10/58) and Trichuris vulpis (12.1% - 7/58); while in AZ they were hookworms (86.7% - 72/83), Toxocara sp. (18.1% - 15/83), Dipylidium caninum (13.3% - 11/83) and T. vulpis (10.8% - 9/83). PCR was performed using the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) in 25 fecal samples positive for Toxocara sp. eggs and found one sample positive for pcox1 and six positives for pnad1. The sequencing of these samples was unsuccessful due to the difficulties inherent in copro-PCR+sequencing. The sequencing of 14 samples of T. canis adult helminths retrieved 11 sequences of 414 bp for pcox1 and nine sequences of 358 bp for pnad1. The phylogenetic trees of these sequences confirmed the species T. canis. Intraspecific genetic variation was only observed for pnad1. This is the second study involving molecular analysis of T. canis in dogs from Brazil and adds new information through the use of pnad1.

Resumo O exame coproparasitológico de cães (n=278) de dois biomas brasileiros (Amazônia [AZ] e Mata Atlântica [MA]) por centrífugo-flutuação demonstrou valores de positividade de 54,2% (MA) e 48,5% (AZ). Os parasitos mais prevalentes na MA foram ancilostomídeos (81,0% - 47/58), Toxocara sp. (17,3% - 10/58) e Trichuris vulpis (12,1% - 7/58); enquanto na AZ foram ancilostomídeos (86,7% - 72/83), Toxocara sp. (18,1% - 15/83), Dipylidium caninum (13,3% - 11/83) e T. vulpis (10,8% - 9/83). A PCR foi realizada, utilizando-se os genes mitocondriais parciais da subunidade 1 do citocromo c oxidase (pcox1); e NADH desidrogenase 1 (pnad1) em 25 amostras fecais positivas para ovos de Toxocara sp. com uma amostra positiva para pcox1 e seis positivas para pnad1. O sequenciamento dessas amostras não teve sucesso, devido às dificuldades inerentes ao copro-PCR+sequenciamento. O sequenciamento de 14 amostras de helmintos adultos T. canis recuperou 11 sequências de 414 pb para pcox1 e nove sequências de 358 pb para pnad1. As árvores filogenéticas dessas sequências confirmaram a espécie T. canis. A variação genética intraespecífica foi observada apenas para pnad1. Este é o segundo estudo envolvendo análise molecular de T. canis, em cães do Brasil, e agrega novas informações com o uso do pnad1.

Abstract Our group isolated Salmonella enterica serovar Albany from food and feces of wildcaptive carnivores in a zoo from northwestern Mexico. This serovar was also associated with thedeath of an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in the same zoo. Another group associated S. Albanywith the death of a human patient. It is due to this zoonotic potential that the in vivo study of thehost-S. Albany relationship is critical. The recombinant S. Albany-Ovalbumin (rSAO) strain wasused to analyze a murine oral infection and its specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.Our results have shown for the first time that rSAO establishes a systemic infection and evokesepitope-specific lysis with a Th1-like cytokine profile in vivo.

Resumen Salmonella entérica serovar Albany fue aislada por nuestro grupo de investigación de alimentos contaminados y de heces de animales carnívoros en cautiverio en un zoológico del noroeste de México; posteriormente, se logró asociar a este serovar con la muerte de un ocelote (Leopardus pardalis), dentro de este mismo zoológico. Otro grupo de investigación asoció a este serovar con la muerte de un paciente. Es debido a este potencial zoonótico que el estudio in vivo de la relación hospedero-S. Albany es crítico. La cepa recombinante S. Albany-Ovoalbúmina (rSAO) fue utilizada para analizar la infección múrida, al igual que la respuesta inmune celular citotóxica específica. Nuestros resultados demuestran, por primera vez, que rSAO establece una infección sistémica y evoca lisis epítopo-específica con un perfil de citocinas tipo Th1 in vivo.

RESUMO A micobacteriose foi detectada em uma de sete cavalas do Atlântico (Scomber scombrus) que foi comprada para consumo humano em um mercado de peixe. O peixe era aparentemente saudável, mas durante a limpeza, vários focos granulomatosos foram notados nos órgãos viscerais. O exame histopatológico das lesões revelou numerosos focos caracterizados por necrose caseosa no centro da lesão circundada por células gigantes epitelioides. A coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen revelou a presença de bactérias em forma de bastonete, com rápida acidez. Além disso, o exame imunohistoquímico revelou a presença de uma proteína de origem micobacteriana em células gigantes e macrófagos. Com base em achados grosseiros e microscópicos, a micobacteriose foi diagnosticada. Este relatório mostrou que devido a seu potencial zoonótico, a micobacteriose deve ser considerada mesmo em peixes saudáveis para consumo humano.

ABSTRACT Mycobacteriosis was detected in seven out of one Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) that was purchased for human consumption from a fish market. The fish was apparently healthy but during cleaning, several granulomatous foci were noticed in the visceral organs. Histopathological examination of the lesions revealed numerous foci characterized by caseous necrosis in the center of the lesion surrounded by epithelioid giant cells. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed the presence of rod-shaped, acid-fast bacteria. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of a protein of mycobacterial origin in giant cells and macrophages. Based on gross and microscopic findings, mycobacteriosis was diagnosed. This report showed that due to its zoonotic potential, mycobacteriosis should be considered even in healthy-appearing fishes for human consumption.

Abstract The species that make up the genus Chlamydia affect a wide range of animal hosts, causing various pathologies. Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) and Chlamydia pecorum (C. pecorum) are the most clinically relevant in small ruminants worldwide, since they have been related to reproductive, ocular and digestive tract problems respectively; two of these (C. abortus and C. psittaci) represent a potential zoonotic risk to humans. The diagnosis of infections by organisms of this genus is complicated; since, in most cases, there are no clinical signs that indicate the presence of the agent in affected animals. Currently, in European countries, the prevention and control mainly of C. abortus is carried out through the administration of commercial attenuated immunogens; however, their use has not shown satisfactory results in the protection of susceptible animals. Therefore, the implementation of new immunization options based on the utilization of recombinant proteins is the line of research that is currently taking the most prominence. Additionally, the use of proteins with immunogenic potential could be important tools for the diagnosis, prevention and control of these pathogens. Due to this, the present review focused on recapitulating the most current studies focused on the experimental use of different immunogenic proteins of Chlamydia spp. used worldwide, highlighting their innovation and results obtained in experimental models.

Resumen Las especies que conforman el género Chlamydia afectan una amplia gama de hospederos animales, causando diversas patologías. Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) y Chlamydia pecorum (C. pecorum) son las de mayor relevancia clínica en pequeños rumiantes a nivel mundial, ya que han sido relacionadas con problemas reproductivos, oculares y del tracto digestivo respectivamente; dos de estas (C. abortus y C. psittaci), representan un riesgo potencial zoonótico al ser humano. El diagnóstico de infecciones por organismos de este género resulta complicado; ya que, en la mayoría de los casos no hay signología clínica que indique la presencia del agente en animales afectados. Actualmente en países europeos la prevención y control principalmente de C. abortus se realiza mediante la administración de inmunógenos atenuados comerciales; sin embargo, su uso no ha mostrado resultados satisfactorios en la protección de animales susceptibles. Por lo tanto, la implementación de nuevas opciones de inmunización basadas en la utilización de proteínas recombinantes es la línea de investigación que más realce está tomando actualmente. Adicionalmente, el uso de proteínas con potencial inmunogénico podrían ser herramientas importantes para el diagnóstico, prevención y control de estos patógenos. Debido a esto, la presente revisión se centró en recapitular los estudios más actuales enfocados al uso experimental de diferentes proteínas inmunogénicas de Chlamydia spp. empleadas a nivel mundial, destacando su innovación y resultados obtenidos en los modelos experimentales.

ABSTRACT Dermatophytes constitute an infection source for both animals and humans, representing zoonosis. The objective of this work was carry out an updated review on dermatophytes general characteristics, the clinical aspects of each infected animal species and their zoonotic potential. For this, all the published information available in PudMed database was compiled. This review describes the worldwide distribution of disease caused by dermatophytes, the zoonotic behavior of the disease, the physiopathogenic characteristics, linked to the host's immune response and oxidative stress behavior in bovine trichophytosis. On the other hand, the dermatophytes classification, different diagnostic methods, the macro and micro characteristics of the colonies of dermatophytes and their differentiation are exposed. It also addresses the form transmission of the disease and clinical aspects of disease in some animal species, including humans. Concluding that dermatophytes constitute a zoonosis, of great importance at present, therefore, they should be object of epidemiological surveillance considering the term of a single health. On the other hand, it is important to consider the economic losses caused by the infestation in cattle specifically.

RESUMEN Los dermatofitos constituyen una fuente de infección tanto para los animales como para el humano, representando una zoonosis. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión actualizada sobre las características generales de los dermatofitos, los aspectos clínicos de cada especie animal infectada y su potencial zoonótico. Para ello se recopiló toda la información publicada que se encontró disponible en la base de datos de PudMed. En esta revisión se describe la distribución mundial de la enfermedad causada por los dermatofitos, el comportamiento zoonótico de la enfermedad, las características fisiopatogénicas, vinculada a la respuesta inmune del hospedero y comportamiento del estrés oxidativo en la tricofitosis bovina. Por otra parte, se expone la clasificación de los dermatofitos, los diferentes métodos de diagnóstico, las características macro y micro de las colonias de dermatofitos y su diferenciación. También se aborda, la forma de transmisión de la enfermedad y los aspectos clínicos de la enfermedad en algunas de las especies de animales, incluyendo al humano. Concluyendo que dermatofitos constituyen una zoonosis, de suma importancia en la actualidad, por lo que, deben ser objeto de vigilancia epidemiológica considerando el término de una sola salud. Por otra parte, es importante considerar, las pérdidas económicas que ocasiona la infestación en el ganado bovino específicamente.

Resumen Introducción. Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito con gran potencial zoonótico que puede infectar un amplio rango de huéspedes de sangre caliente, incluidos los animales del sector pecuario, lo que causa pérdidas a la industria. En el humano, es patógeno en personas inmunosuprimidas y afecta el desarrollo del feto en infecciones congénitas. Además, se asocia con diversos trastornos del comportamiento en personas sanas. El humano puede adquirir T. gondii al consumir carnes contaminadas mal cocidas. Objetivo. Determinar la positividad de T. gondii en carnes de consumo humano (res, pollo y cerdo) en Ibagué, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la PCR convencional anidada y la secuencia del gen B1 de T. gondii como blanco de amplificación. Se tomaron 186 muestras de carne comercializada en la zona urbana de Ibagué (62 de res, 62 de pollo y 62 de cerdo) y se obtuvo el porcentaje de positividad en cada tipo de carne evaluada. Resultados. Se encontró un porcentaje de positividad de 18,8 % en las muestras, siendo la carne de cerdo la del mayor porcentaje (22,5 %; 14/62), seguida por las muestras de carne de res (19,3 %; 12/62) y de pollo (14,5 %; 9/62). Los mejores productos amplificados fueron secuenciados en Macrogen, y alineados con las secuencias del gen B1 depositadas en el GenBank, con lo que se confirmó su identidad. Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio sobre prevalencia de T. gondii en carnes para consumo humano en Ibagué y el departamento del Tolima. Se demostró que los tres tipos de carne representan un riesgo para la infección en humanos a nivel local.

Abstract Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite with great zoonotic potential. It can infect a broad range of warm-blooded hosts (including livestock) and causes significant losses in the industry. In humans, it has been described as a pathogen in immunosuppressed people, it affects the fetus development in congenital infections, and is associated with various behavioral disorders in healthy people. Humans can acquire T. gondii by consuming undercooked, contaminated meat. Objective: To determine T. gondii positivity (currently unknown) in meat for human consumption (i.e., beef, chicken, and pork) in the city of Ibague, Colombia. Materials and methods: We used conventional nested PCR and the T. gondii B1 gene sequence as amplification target. We collected samples of meat (N=186) sold in the urban area of Ibagué (62 beef, 62 chicken, and 62 pork samples) and determined the T. gondii positivity percentage for each type of meat. Results: The study found an average of 18.8% positivity for all meat samples, pork having the highest percentage (22.5%; 14/62), followed by beef (19.3%; 12/62) and chicken (14.5%; 9/62). The best-amplified products were sequenced by macrogen and aligned with the B1 gene sequences in GenBank, thereby confirming their identity. Conclusions: This is the first study of T. gondii prevalence in meat for human consumption carried out in the city of Ibagué and the department of Tolima. All three types of meat sampled represent a risk for local human infection.

Resumo O estudo revela a prevalência de uma espécie potencial de helmintos zoonóticos transmitidos por roedores, Hymenolepis diminuta, em roedores comensais capturados em áreas irrigadas e alimentadas pela chuva de Swat, Paquistão. Trezentos e cinquenta roedores (269 ratos e 81 camundongos) presos durante os estágios vegetativo, floração/frutificação e maturidade/colheita das safras foram estudados de 2011-2013. Ovos de Hymenolepisdiminuta foram identificados com base em sua forma, tamanho, cor e marcações na superfície da casca do ovo e três pares de anzóis embrionários. A prevalência geral de H. diminuta foi de 3,14% (n = 11/350). A maior prevalência 3,49% (n = 5/143) de H. diminuta foi observada na fase de colheita das lavouras, enquanto a menor 2,59% (n = 2/77) durante a fase vegetativa. A infecção foi maior nos homens 3,25% (n = 7/215) do que nas mulheres 2,96% (n = 4/135). Roedores adultos foram altamente infectados, enquanto nenhum subadulto foi encontrado infectado. A infecção foi maior em camundongos 3,70% (3/81) do que em ratos 2,69% (8/269), embora sem significância (p = 1,0000: 0,1250 a 32,00 CI). Ratos e camundongos parecem mostrar os reservatórios mais adequados hospedando H. diminuta um helmintos zoonótico. A presença desses roedores em todos os habitats possíveis pode atuar como um canal principal de transferência de parasitas através de vários habitats e pode representar um perigo para os humanos na área.

Abstract The study reveals the prevalence of a potential rodent-borne zoonotic helminth species, Hymenolepis diminuta in commensal rodents caught from irrigated and rain-fed areas of Swat, Pakistan. Three hundred and fifty rodents (269 rats and 81 mice) trapped during vegetative, flowering/fruiting and mature/harvesting stages of crops were studied from 2011-2013. Hymenolepisdiminuta eggs were identified on the basis of their shape, size, colour and markings on the surface of the egg shell and three pairs of embryonic hook-lets. Overall prevalence of H. diminuta was 3.14% (n=11/350). The highest prevalence 3.49% (n=5/143) of H. diminuta was noted at harvesting stages of the crops whereas the lowest 2.59% (n=2/77) during vegetative stage. Infection was higher in males 3.25% (n=7/215) than females 2.96% (n=4/135). Adult rodents were highly infected while no sub-adult was found infected. Infection was higher in mice 3.70% (3/81) than rats 2.69% (8/269) while no significance (p=1.0000:0.1250 to 32.00 CI). Rats and mice appears to show the most suitable reservoirs by hosting H. diminuta a zoonotic helminth. The presence of these rodents in all possible habitats can act as a main channel of transferring parasites through various habitats and can pose a hazard to humans in the area.

RESUMO: Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno dúctil e ubíquo encontrado na pele, narinas e membranas mucosas de mamíferos. O aumento da resistência aos antimicrobianos, incluindo a meticilina, tornou-se uma importante preocupação pública. Cento e oito (108) cepas de S. aureus isoladas de um total de 572 amostras clínicas e de produtos animais foram investigadas por sua capacidade de biofilme, resistência à meticilina, genes de enterotoxinas e diversidade genética. Embora apenas uma cepa isolada do cru tenha sido encontrada como forte produtora de biofilme, a porcentagem do padrão de resistência antimicrobiana foi relativamente maior. Parte das cepas (17,59%) de S. aureus testadas neste estudo eram resistentes à cefoxitina e identificadas como isolados de MRSA. mecA e mecC abrigando cepas de S. aureus foram detectados a uma taxa de 2,79% e 0,93%, respectivamente. Além disso, verificou-se que os genes da enterotoxina estafilocócica, incluindo os genes Sea, Seb, Sec e Sed, eram 18,5%, 32,4%, 6,5% e 3,7%, respectivamente. A relação filogenética entre os isolados mostrou relação entre os isolados de bezerro e leite de vaca. A tipagem de sequência multiloco (MLST) revelou três tipos de sequência diferentes (STs), incluindo ST84, ST829 e ST6238. Essas descobertas destacam o desenvolvimento e a disseminação de cepas de MRSA com potencial zoonótico em animais e na cadeia alimentar em todo o mundo.

ABSTRACT: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic and ubiquitous pathogen found in the skin, nares, and mucosal membranes of mammals. Increasing resistance to antimicrobials including methicillin has become an important public concern. One hundred and eight (108) S. aureus strains isolated from a total of 572 clinical and animal products samples, were investigated for their biofilm capability, methicillin resistance, enterotoxin genes, and genetic diversity. Although only one strain isolated from raw retail was found as a strong biofilm producer, the percentage of antimicrobial resistance pattern was relatively higher. 17.59% of S. aureus strains tested in this study were resistant to cefoxitin and identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. mecA and mecC harboring S. aureus strains were detected at a rate of 2.79% and 0.93%, respectively. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes including Sea, Seb, Sec, and Sed genes were found to be 18.5%, 32.4%, 6.5% and 3.7%, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship among the isolates showed relationship between joint calf and cow milk isolates. Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed three different sequence types (STs) including ST84, ST829, and ST6238. These findings highlight the development and spread of MRSA strains with zoonotic potential in animals and the food chain throughout the world.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of parasites and identify the ones with the zoonotic potential present in the feces of household’s dogs and stray dogs in Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. Fifty fecal samples from household dogs and 50 fecal samples from stray dogs were collected and analyzed by sucrose flotation and McMaster techniques. The statistical analyzes showed a significant difference between households and stray dogs (p= 0.021). The highest prevalence was obtained by stray dogs with 22% (11/50), while household’s dogs got a majority of 6% (3/50). The parasites of morphologically identified household dogs corresponded to Cystoisospora canis (6%) and Trichuris vulpis (4%), while in stray dogs parasites corresponded to Ancylostoma spp. (12%), Cystoisospora canis (10%), Toxocara spp. (4%), Trichuris vulpis (4%), and Taenia spp. (2%). The Chi-square (X2) analysis showed that the prevalence of parasites in stray dogs according to age presented a significant difference (p= 0.002); 100% of the puppies were parasitized. In Gomez Palacio, parasites with zoonotic potential are present in the feces of households and stray dogs, representing a risk of infection for the human population.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la prevalencia e identificar los parásitos con potencial zoonótico presentes en las heces fecales de perros domiciliarios y callejeros de Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. Se colectaron 50 muestras de heces fecales de perros domiciliarios, así como 50 muestras de heces fecales de perros callejeros. Las muestras se analizaron mediante las técnicas de flotación por sacarosa y de McMaster. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron diferencia significativa entre las prevalencias de perros domiciliarios y callejeros (p= 0.021). La mayor prevalencia la obtuvieron los perros callejeros con 22% (11/50), mientras que los perros domiciliarios obtuvieron una prevalencia del 6% (3/50). Los parásitos de perros domiciliarios identificados morfológicamente correspondieron a Cystoisospora canis (6%) y Trichuris vulpis (4%), mientras que los parásitos de perros callejeros correspondieron a Ancylostoma spp. (12%), Cystoisospora canis (10%), Toxocara spp. (4%), Trichuris vulpis (4%) y Taenia spp. (2%). El análisis de Chi-cuadrada (X2) mostró que la prevalencia de parásitos en perros callejeros presentó diferencia significativa entre edades (p= 0.002), el 100% de los cachorros resultó parasitado. En Gómez Palacio se encuentran parásitos con potencial zoonótico presentes en las heces de perros domiciliarios y callejeros lo que representa un riesgo de infección para la población humana.

ABSTRACT The pathologies caused by microbial groups generate health risks in domestic dogs and cats; showing a zoonotic potential and producing affections in humans. According to that background, the purpose of this study was to establish the main microorganisms causing clinical pathologies in domestic dogs and cats by reviewing medical records in a veterinary clinic in Valledupar, Colombia. In order to do that, a retrospective study was conducted with clinical histories of dogs and cats admitted during 2017 and 2018 to the veterinary clinic "Mis Mejores Amigos", located in the city of Valledupar, Colombia. Based on the information, a descriptive, explanatory and statistical analysis was applied, the latter by means of a Sperman correlation to evaluate the relationship between race, sex, age, microbial group and pathology-pathogen. From a total of 462 reports of canines and felines admitted to the clinic, a total of 273 diagnoses were obtained. 4% of the felines and 24% of the canines were affected by some microbial group. The most prevalent microorganisms in canines were Ancylostoma spp. (9 %) Entamoeba histolytica (5%) Ehrlichia spp. (5%), and Isospora sp. (5%) while in felines were Haemobartonella felis (20%) and Haemobartonella spp. (17%). It was determined that there is only correlation between the age of felines and the microbial group that affects them, in addition to the pathology presented with the pathogen. It was observed a high percentage of Ancylostoma sp. (9%) in canines of mongrel and French Poodle breeds whilst in felines was found the bacterium Haemobartonella felis in 20% of the mongrel breeds.

RESUMEN Las patologías causadas por grupos microbianos generan riesgos en la salud de perros y gatos domésticos, lo que tiene un potencial zoonótico y produce afecciones en seres humanos. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue establecer los principales microorganismos causantes de patologías clínicas en perros y gatos domésticos mediante la revisión de historias clínicas en una clínica veterinaria de Valledupar, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con historias clínicas de perros y gatos ingresados durante 2017 y 2018 a la clínica veterinaria "Mis mejores amigos", ubicada en la ciudad de Valledupar, Colombia. Con base en la información se aplicó un análisis descriptivo, explicativo y estadístico, este último mediante una correlación de Sperman para evaluar relación entre raza, sexo, edad, grupo microbiano y patología-patógeno. De un total 462 reportes de caninos y felinos ingresados a la clínica, se obtuvieron 273 diagnósticos. El 4% de los felinos y el 24 % de los caninos presentaban afecciones por algún grupo microbiano. Los microorganismos más prevalentes en caninos fueron Ancylostoma spp. (9%) Entamoeba histolytica (5%) Ehrlichia spp. (5%) e Isospora sp. (5%), mientras que en felinos fueron Haemobartonella felis (20%) y Haemobartonella spp. (17%). Se determinó que solo existe correlación entre la edad de felinos y el grupo microbiano que los afecta, además de la patología presentada con el patógeno. Se observó un alto porcentaje de Ancylostoma sp. (9%) en caninos de las razas mestiza y French Poodle, y, por otro lado, en felinos se identificó la bacteria Haemobartonella felis en 20% de los sujetos de raza mestiza.